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Cryptorchidism is characterized by the absence of at least one testis from the scrotum and represent the most common genital anomaly in boys with an incidence of 2-4%. The condition is a well-documented risk factor for testicular cancer and infertility later in adulthood. Although cryptorchidism is common, the cause remains poorly understood. 
Normal testicular descensus requires adequate and timely testosterone production from the Leydig cells during fetal development. Early stimulation of Leydig cells is mainly in response to placental hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). 
Her project will investigate the association between first-trimester placental hormones; hCG and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and different subtypes of cryptorchidism in relation to normal healthy controls by combining registry data with clinical data. In detail, she and colleagues wish to investigate the association between placental hormones and differnt subtypes and severity of cryptorchidism.